Yes. Most modern laptops use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Most phones do too.
The practical part is knowing how heat, charging, cycle count, and long-term storage affect them. The same basic rules apply whether the battery is in a laptop, a phone, a tablet, or a power bank.
Do laptops have lithium batteries?
For modern laptops, the answer is usually yes: they use rechargeable lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries. The important distinction is between rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and disposable lithium batteries. People often shorten both to "lithium batteries", but they are not the same thing.
Battery Type
They are lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries commonly used in consumer electronics such as laptops and mobile phones. Apple describes lithium-ion as the rechargeable battery technology used in its portable devices because it is lighter, lasts longer, and charges more efficiently than older battery types. Lithium-ion batteries can still be a safety hazard under the wrong conditions, especially if they are damaged, overheated, or short-circuited.
Safety
Devices using lithium-ion batteries should only be used at the temperature they are designed for. Room temperature (20°C / 72°F) is a good default. Heat is the thing I would avoid first.
Charging and Discharging
A key characteristic of lithium-ion batteries compared to older batteries used in mobile devices is that you can recharge the battery whenever convenient, without requiring a full charge or discharge cycle. Remember when people said to fully discharge mobile phones before charging them? That advice came from older battery types, not modern lithium-ion batteries.
You may still see recommendations to occasionally let a device calibrate its battery reading. That is about helping the software estimate capacity correctly. It does not mean you should deliberately fully discharge and recharge your lithium-ion battery during normal daily use.
Cycle Count
Each time you discharge and charge 100% of your battery, it is counted as 1 cycle count. A scenario to illustrate this: you use half of your battery, charge it to 100%, then use half of it again and charge it to 100%. This counts as 1 cycle.
For Mac laptops, Apple lists the battery cycle count in System Information under Power. Many MacBook models are rated for 1000 cycles, but you should check the exact model rather than assume the number.
Once you hit the maximum cycle count, it doesn't mean your battery will stop working completely. But you should expect it to have significantly reduced capacity.
Storage
If you are not going to use your device for a long time, keep them stored with their batteries charged to 40-50%, rather than fully depleted or fully charged.
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